Shape distortion in composites: sources, characterization, and remedies

This paper reviews the shape distortions in a polymer composite, its sources, characterization techniques, and remedies. The distortion may include warpage, spring-in, or change enclosed diameter for flat, angled, circular parts. Residual stresses are considered to be major source of (dimensional instability) laminated composites. These result difference thermal expansion behavior different plies between matrix reinforcement. Additionally, fiber buckling, transversal cracking, delamination also produced affecting mechanical properties like tensile, flexural, compression. residual determined through techniques layer removal symmetrical laminates, first ply failure, x-ray diffraction. common remedies reported literature nanoparticle addition variable thickness at base flanges.